Support for hidden ssid in dmg networks

ABSTRACT

Described herein are methods and devices to provide support for a hidden SSID in an 802.11ad or directional multi-gigabit (DMG) wireless network. An access point (AP) of the DMG network may be configured to explicitly signal the hidden SSID configuration by sending probe responses that signal the hidden SSID configuration and/or signaling the hidden SSID configuration in DMG beacons transmitted by the AP.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments described herein relate generally to wireless networks andcommunications systems.

BACKGROUND

Wireless networks as defined by the IEEE 802.11 specifications prior tothe 802.11ad standard provide a means to help secure a wireless networkby hiding the service set identification (SSID) of the network that isotherwise transmitted by access points (APs) of the network in beaconframes. Unless a device receiving the beacons knows the hidden SSID, itis unable to associate to the AP. Applying this same mechanism to802.11ad networks, however, is problematic. Providing support for ahidden SSID in an 802.11ad network is the primary concern of the presentdisclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a basic service set that includes a station deviceassociated with an access point.

FIG. 2 illustrates a DMG beacon interval according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates a control field of a DMG beacon frame according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a user equipment device according tosome embodiments.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a computing machine according to someembodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In an 802.11 local area network (LAN), the entities that wirelesslycommunicate are referred to as stations (STAs). A basic service set(BSS) refers to a plurality of stations that remain within a certaincoverage area and form some sort of association and is identified by theSSID of the BSS. In one form of association, the stations communicatedirectly with one another in an ad-hoc network. More typically, however,the stations associate with a central station dedicated to managing theBSS and referred to as an access point (AP). FIG. 1 illustrates a BSSthat includes a station device 1100 associated with an access point (AP)1110, where the AP 1110 may be associated with a number of otherstations 1120. The device 1100 may be any type of device withfunctionality for connecting to a WiFi network such as a computer, smartphone, or a UE (user equipment) with WLAN access capability, the latterreferring to terminals in a LTE (Long Term Evolution) network. Each ofthe station devices include an RF (radio frequency transceiver) 1102 andprocessing circuitry 1101 as shown by the depictions of devices 1100 and1110. The processing circuitry includes the functionalities for WiFinetwork access via the RF transceiver as well as functionalities forprocessing as described herein. The RF transceivers of the stationdevice 1100 and access point 1110 may each incorporate one or moreantennas. The RF transceiver 1100 with multiple antennas and processingcircuitry 101 may implement one or more MIMO (multi-input multi-output)techniques such as spatial multiplexing, transmit/receive diversity, andbeam forming. The devices 1100 and 1110 are representative of thewireless access points and stations described below.

In an 802.11 WLAN network, the stations communicate via a layeredprotocol that includes a physical layer (PHY) and a medium accesscontrol (MAC) layer. The MAC layer is a set of rules that determine howto access the medium in order to send and receive data, and the detailsof transmission and reception are left to the PHY layer. At the MAClayer, transmissions in an 802.11 network are in the form of MAC framesof which there are three main types: data frames, control frames, andmanagement frames. Data frames carry data from station to station.Control frames, such as request-to-send (RTS) and clear-to-send (CTS)frames are used in conjunction with data frames deliver data reliablyfrom station to station. Management frames are used to perform networkmanagement functions. Management frames include beacon frames which aretransmitted periodically by the AP at defined beacon intervals and whichcontain information about the network and also indicate whether the APhas buffered data which is addressed to a particular station orstations. Other management frames include probe request frames sent by astation probing for the existence of a nearby AP and probe responseframes sent by an AP in response to a probe request frame.

The core feature of IEEE 802.11ad is a directional multi-gigabit (DMG)physical layer with gigabit-per-second data transfer capabilitiesachieved by multiple-antenna beamforming in the 60 GHz spectrum. In IEEE802.11 networks operating in lower frequency bands, access to the mediumis organized By periodically reoccurring beacon intervals (BIs) that areinitiated by a single beacon frame transmitted omnidirectionally by theAP. The beacon announces the existence of the wireless network served bythe AP and also carries management data. The rest of the BI is used fordata transmissions between stations, usually following acontention-based access scheme. The IEEE 802.11ad standard extends thisconcept to deal with the problems of mm-wave propagation at 60 GHz. In802.11ad, a beacon interval is initiated with a beacon header interval(BHI) that replaces the single beacon frame of legacy 802.11 networks.The BHI enables the exchange of management information and networkannouncements using a sweep of multiple directionally transmittedframes. The BHI sweeping mechanism overcomes increased attenuation andunknown direction of unassociated devices. The BHI is followed by a DataTransmission Interval (DTI), which can implement different types ofmedium access. Medium access parameters necessary for stations toparticipate in a BI are transmitted by the AP during the BHI.

An example of an 802.11ad beacon interval, consisting of a BHI and aDTI, is shown in FIG. 2. The BHI consists of up to three sub-intervals:a beacon transmission interval (BTI), an association beamformingtraining (A-BFT) interval, and an announcement transmission interval(ATI). The BTI may contain multiple beacon frames, each transmitted bythe AP on a different sector to cover all possible directions, and isused for network announcement and beamforming training of the AP'santenna sectors. The A-BFT interval is used by stations to train theirantenna sector for communication with the AP. During the A-BFT interval,stations may exchange a series of sector sweep (SSW) frames overdifferent antenna sectors to find the one that provides the best signalquality. During the ATI, AP exchanges management information withassociated and beam-trained stations. For example, probe request andprobe response frames may be exchanged with unassociated butbeam-trained station during the ATI which is more efficient. Finally,the DTI contains of one or more contention-based access periods (CBAPs)and scheduled service periods (SPs) where stations exchange data frames.

Traditional 802.11 networks have a hidden SSID feature that may be usedto help prevent an un-authorized STA from connecting to the network. An802.11 network operating in non-DMG bands (i.e, non-802.11ad) implementsa hidden SSID in the following manner. An Access point (AP) isidentified as hidden by the lack of an SSID information element (IE) inbeacons transmitted by the AP. A non-hidden AP, on the other hand, doesinclude the SSID IE in its beacons. This way, only a STA that waspreviously provisioned to a network with a hidden SSID, and thereforeknows the SSID in advance, can acquire the networks parameters with aprobe request and associate to the network. For a STA performing activescanning without being pre-provisioned, a probe request sent to APwithout the specific SSID being specified is not answered with a proberesponse.

An AP operating on a DMG band configured with hidden SSID could exhibitinconsistent behavior if it were to operate as described above withrespect to traditional 802.11 networks. The SSID is an optionalattribute in DMG beacons so the lack of an SSID in a DMG beacon cannotindicate a hidden AP. An AP will also complete initial beam forming(IBF) with any STA as the AP cannot distinguish an authorized STA fromnon-authorized STA at the time of IBF (i.e., no probe requests andresponses are exchanged). The IBF will either be over the AP-allocatedBTI+A-BFT (i.e., passive scanning) or as a response to STA-sent beaconsin discovery mode with DM set to 1 (i.e., active scanning). Aftercompletion of the IBF, an AP's response to a probe request containing awildcard SSID from the STA is not defined. Ignoring the probe requestsuch as is done for non-DMG networks is problematic under DMG forseveral reasons.

A probe request is sent as a unicast frame to a known AP which is inrange, and hence it is expected to be answered. A non-DMG probe request,on the other hand, is sent as a broadcast frame by the STA with nostrict expectation of getting a response).

In the case of active scanning, the 802.11ad specification requiresprobe exchange after IBF is completed. In addition, the lack of a proberesponse from the AP could negatively impact power and performanceduring scanning as the STA might continue with probe request retriesleading to additional power consumption and longer discovery time.

To overcome the problems described above, an AP operating in a DMGnetwork may be configured to explicitly signal the hidden SSIDconfiguration. In one embodiment, a probe response is defined withcontent that signals the hidden SSID configuration. Under this option,the STA is informed that this network is hidden stops initiating theprobe request if the SSID is unknown. In another embodiment, the hiddenSSID configuration is stated in DMG beacons transmitted by the AP. Underthis option, a STA that desires to connect to an AP is expected toindicate the specific SSID in its probe request.

In one embodiment, the hidden SSID feature in a DMG infrastructure BSSis supported as follows. The DMG beacon includes a flag signaling theSSID is hidden. The flag can be included in one of the mandatory beaconfields (i.e., non-IE) or included as separate IE in the beacon framebody. In the case of a hidden network, the DMG beacon would not carrythe SSID IE. This method supports a STA performing passive scanning andattempting to receive a DMG beacon frame from the AP. Once such a beaconframe received, if the STA is not configured with the hidden SSID value,it is does not attempt to respond on those beacons and may even notcomplete initial BF flow. If the STA is configured with the hidden SSID,on the other hand, it is configured to attempt to complete the initialBF and then send a probe request with the SSID value equal to the knownSSID. For example the flag indicating SSID is hidden can be included inthe beacon control field as shown by FIG. 3 in bit 44 (shortening theexisting reserved field from 4-bit to 3-bit) In another embodiment, anew IE type is defined and included within the DMG beacon frame as anoptional IE.

In another embodiment, an AP is mandated to respond to all proberequests with a probe response. This method supports a STA performingactive scanning and attempting to send DMG beacons with DM=1 to the AP.Once such beacons are answered by SSW over A-BFT and the initial BF iscomplete, the STA shall send a probe request frame to the AP. If the STAis not configured with the hidden SSID value, the STA sends a proberequest carrying a predefined wildcard SSID. The AP then responds with aprobe response carrying the wildcard SSID as well to signal that theSSID is hidden and that the STA should not attempt to associate withthis AP. Another option is to include in the probe response the samehidden SSID flag defined for beacons. If the STA is configured with thehidden SSID, on the other hand, it includes this SSID value within itsprobe request. The AP then answers with a probe response that includesthe configured SSID to indicate to the STA that it should continue withnetwork association to the AP.

Example UE Description

As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, orinclude an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), an electroniccircuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group), and/or memory(shared, dedicated, or group) that execute one or more software orfirmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitablehardware components that provide the described functionality. In someembodiments, the circuitry may be implemented in, or functionsassociated with the circuitry may be implemented by, one or moresoftware or firmware modules. In some embodiments, circuitry may includelogic, at least partially operable in hardware.

Embodiments described herein may be implemented into a system using anysuitably configured hardware and/or software. FIG. 4 illustrates, forone embodiment, example components of a User Equipment (UE) device 100.In some embodiments, the UE device 100 may include application circuitry102, baseband circuitry 104, Radio Frequency (RF) circuitry 106,front-end module (FEM) circuitry 108 and one or more antennas 110,coupled together at least as shown.

The application circuitry 102 may include one or more applicationprocessors. For example, the application circuitry 102 may includecircuitry such as, but not limited to, one or more single-core ormulti-core processors. The processor(s) may include any combination ofgeneral-purpose processors and dedicated processors (e.g., graphicsprocessors, application processors, etc.). The processors may be coupledwith and/or may include memory/storage and may be configured to executeinstructions stored in the memory/storage to enable various applicationsand/or operating systems to run on the system.

The baseband circuitry 104 may include circuitry such as, but notlimited to, one or more single-core or multi-core processors. Thebaseband circuitry 104 may include one or more baseband processorsand/or control logic to process baseband signals received from a receivesignal path of the RF circuitry 106 and to generate baseband signals fora transmit signal path of the RF circuitry 106. Baseband processingcircuitry 104 may interface with the application circuitry 102 forgeneration and processing of the baseband signals and for controllingoperations of the RF circuitry 106. For example, in some embodiments,the baseband circuitry 104 may include a second generation (2G) basebandprocessor 104 a, third generation (3G) baseband processor 104 b, fourthgeneration (4G) baseband processor 104 c, and/or other basebandprocessor(s) 104 d for other existing generations, generations indevelopment or to be developed in the future (e.g., fifth generation(5G), 6G, etc.). The baseband circuitry 104 (e.g., one or more ofbaseband processors 104 a-d) may handle various radio control functionsthat enable communication with one or more radio networks via the RFcircuitry 106. The radio control functions may include, but are notlimited to, signal modulation/demodulation, encoding/decoding, radiofrequency shifting, etc. In some embodiments, modulation/demodulationcircuitry of the baseband circuitry 104 may include Fast-FourierTransform (FFT), precoding, and/or constellation mapping/demappingfunctionality. In some embodiments, encoding/decoding circuitry of thebaseband circuitry 104 may include convolution, tail-biting convolution,turbo, Viterbi, and/or Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoder/decoderfunctionality. Embodiments of modulation/demodulation andencoder/decoder functionality are not limited to these examples and mayinclude other suitable functionality in other embodiments.

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 104 may include elements ofa protocol stack such as, for example, elements of an evolved universalterrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN) protocol including, forexample, physical (PHY), media access control (MAC), radio link control(RLC), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), and/or radio resourcecontrol (RRC) elements. A central processing unit (CPU) 104 e of thebaseband circuitry 104 may be configured to run elements of the protocolstack for signaling of the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP and/or RRC layers. Insome embodiments, the baseband circuitry may include one or more audiodigital signal processor(s) (DSP) 104 f. The audio DSP(s) 104 f may beinclude elements for compression/decompression and echo cancellation andmay include other suitable processing elements in other embodiments.Components of the baseband circuitry may be suitably combined in asingle chip, a single chipset, or disposed on a same circuit board insome embodiments. In some embodiments, some or all of the constituentcomponents of the baseband circuitry 104 and the application circuitry102 may be implemented together such as, for example, on a system on achip (SOC).

In some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 104 may provide forcommunication compatible with one or more radio technologies. Forexample, in some embodiments, the baseband circuitry 104 may supportcommunication with an evolved universal terrestrial radio access network(EUTRAN) and/or other wireless metropolitan area networks (WMAN), awireless local area network (WLAN), a wireless personal area network(WPAN). Embodiments in which the baseband circuitry 104 is configured tosupport radio communications of more than one wireless protocol may bereferred to as multi-mode baseband circuitry.

RF circuitry 106 may enable communication with wireless networks usingmodulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. Invarious embodiments, the RF circuitry 106 may include switches, filters,amplifiers, etc. to facilitate the communication with the wirelessnetwork. RF circuitry 106 may include a receive signal path which mayinclude circuitry to down-convert RF signals received from the FEMcircuitry 108 and provide baseband signals to the baseband circuitry104. RF circuitry 106 may also include a transmit signal path which mayinclude circuitry to up-convert baseband signals provided by thebaseband circuitry 104 and provide RF output signals to the FEMcircuitry 108 for transmission.

In some embodiments, the RF circuitry 106 may include a receive signalpath and a transmit signal path. The receive signal path of the RFcircuitry 106 may include mixer circuitry 106 a, amplifier circuitry 106b and filter circuitry 106 c. The transmit signal path of the RFcircuitry 106 may include filter circuitry 106 c and mixer circuitry 106a. RF circuitry 106 may also include synthesizer circuitry 106 d forsynthesizing a frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 106 a of thereceive signal path and the transmit signal path. In some embodiments,the mixer circuitry 106 a of the receive signal path may be configuredto down-convert RF signals received from the FEM circuitry 108 based onthe synthesized frequency provided by synthesizer circuitry 106 d. Theamplifier circuitry 106 b may be configured to amplify thedown-converted signals and the filter circuitry 106 c may be a low-passfilter (LPF) or band-pass filter (BPF) configured to remove unwantedsignals from the down-converted signals to generate output basebandsignals. Output baseband signals may be provided to the basebandcircuitry 104 for further processing. In some embodiments, the outputbaseband signals may be zero-frequency baseband signals, although thisis not a requirement. In some embodiments, mixer circuitry 106 a of thereceive signal path may comprise passive mixers, although the scope ofthe embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 106 a of the transmit signalpath may be configured to up-convert input baseband signals based on thesynthesized frequency provided by the synthesizer circuitry 106 d togenerate RF output signals for the FEM circuitry 108. The basebandsignals may be provided by the baseband circuitry 104 and may befiltered by filter circuitry 106 c. The filter circuitry 106 c mayinclude a low-pass filter (LPF), although the scope of the embodimentsis not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 106 a of the receive signalpath and the mixer circuitry 106 a of the transmit signal path mayinclude two or more mixers and may be arranged for quadraturedownconversion and/or upconversion respectively. In some embodiments,the mixer circuitry 106 a of the receive signal path and the mixercircuitry 106 a of the transmit signal path may include two or moremixers and may be arranged for image rejection (e.g., Hartley imagerejection). In some embodiments, the mixer circuitry 106 a of thereceive signal path and the mixer circuitry 106 a may be arranged fordirect downconversion and/or direct upconversion, respectively. In someembodiments, the mixer circuitry 106 a of the receive signal path andthe mixer circuitry 106 a of the transmit signal path may be configuredfor super-heterodyne operation.

In some embodiments, the output baseband signals and the input basebandsignals may be analog baseband signals, although the scope of theembodiments is not limited in this respect. In some alternateembodiments, the output baseband signals and the input baseband signalsmay be digital baseband signals. In these alternate embodiments, the RFcircuitry 106 may include analog-to-digital converter (ADC) anddigital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuitry and the baseband circuitry104 may include a digital baseband interface to communicate with the RFcircuitry 106.

In some dual-mode embodiments, a separate radio IC circuitry may beprovided for processing signals for each spectrum, although the scope ofthe embodiments is not limited in this respect.

In some embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 106 d may be afractional-N synthesizer or a fractional N/N+1 synthesizer, although thescope of the embodiments is not limited in this respect as other typesof frequency synthesizers may be suitable. For example, synthesizercircuitry 106 d may be a delta-sigma synthesizer, a frequencymultiplier, or a synthesizer comprising a phase-locked loop with afrequency divider.

The synthesizer circuitry 106 d may be configured to synthesize anoutput frequency for use by the mixer circuitry 106 a of the RFcircuitry 106 based on a frequency input and a divider control input. Insome embodiments, the synthesizer circuitry 106 d may be a fractionalN/N+1 synthesizer.

In some embodiments, frequency input may be provided by a voltagecontrolled oscillator (VCO), although that is not a requirement. Dividercontrol input may be provided by either the baseband circuitry 104 orthe applications processor 102 depending on the desired outputfrequency. In some embodiments, a divider control input (e.g., N) may bedetermined from a look-up table based on a channel indicated by theapplications processor 102.

Synthesizer circuitry 106 d of the RF circuitry 106 may include adivider, a delay-locked loop (DLL), a multiplexer and a phaseaccumulator. In some embodiments, the divider may be a dual modulusdivider (DMD) and the phase accumulator may be a digital phaseaccumulator (DPA). In some embodiments, the DMD may be configured todivide the input signal by either N or N+1 (e.g., based on a carry out)to provide a fractional division ratio. In some example embodiments, theDLL may include a set of cascaded, tunable, delay elements, a phasedetector, a charge pump and a D-type flip-flop. In these embodiments,the delay elements may be configured to break a VCO period up into Ndequal packets of phase, where Nd is the number of delay elements in thedelay line. In this way, the DLL provides negative feedback to helpensure that the total delay through the delay line is one VCO cycle.

In some embodiments, synthesizer circuitry 106 d may be configured togenerate a carrier frequency as the output frequency, while in otherembodiments, the output frequency may be a multiple of the carrierfrequency (e.g., twice the carrier frequency, four times the carrierfrequency) and used in conjunction with quadrature generator and dividercircuitry to generate multiple signals at the carrier frequency withmultiple different phases with respect to each other. In someembodiments, the output frequency may be a LO frequency (f_(LO)). Insome embodiments, the RF circuitry 106 may include an IQ/polarconverter.

FEM circuitry 108 may include a receive signal path which may includecircuitry configured to operate on RF signals received from one or moreantennas 110, amplify the received signals and provide the amplifiedversions of the received signals to the RF circuitry 106 for furtherprocessing. FEM circuitry 108 may also include a transmit signal pathwhich may include circuitry configured to amplify signals fortransmission provided by the RF circuitry 106 for transmission by one ormore of the one or more antennas 110.

In some embodiments, the FEM circuitry 108 may include a TX/RX switch toswitch between transmit mode and receive mode operation. The FEMcircuitry may include a receive signal path and a transmit signal path.The receive signal path of the FEM circuitry may include a low-noiseamplifier (LNA) to amplify received RF signals and provide the amplifiedreceived RF signals as an output (e.g., to the RF circuitry 106). Thetransmit signal path of the FEM circuitry 108 may include a poweramplifier (PA) to amplify input RF signals (e.g., provided by RFcircuitry 106), and one or more filters to generate RF signals forsubsequent transmission (e.g., by one or more of the one or moreantennas 110.

In some embodiments, the UE device 100 may include additional elementssuch as, for example, memory/storage, display, camera, sensor, and/orinput/output (I/O) interface.

Example Machine Description

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine 500 upon whichany one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed hereinmay perform. In alternative embodiments, the machine 500 may operate asa standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to othermachines. In a networked deployment, the machine 500 may operate in thecapacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-clientnetwork environments. In an example, the machine 500 may act as a peermachine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) networkenvironment. The machine 500 may be a user equipment (UE), evolved NodeB (eNB), Wi-Fi access point (AP), Wi-Fi station (STA), personal computer(PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant(PDA), a mobile telephone, a smart phone, a web appliance, a networkrouter, switch or bridge, or any machine capable of executinginstructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be takenby that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated,the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection ofmachines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets)of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologiesdiscussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS),other computer cluster configurations.

Examples, as described herein, may include, or may operate on, logic ora number of components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules are tangibleentities (e.g., hardware) capable of performing specified operations andmay be configured or arranged in a certain manner. In an example,circuits may be arranged (e.g., internally or with respect to externalentities such as other circuits) in a specified manner as a module. Inan example, the whole or part of one or more computer systems (e.g., astandalone, client or server computer system) or one or more hardwareprocessors may be configured by firmware or software (e.g.,instructions, an application portion, or an application) as a modulethat operates to perform specified operations. In an example, thesoftware may reside on a machine readable medium. In an example, thesoftware, when executed by the underlying hardware of the module, causesthe hardware to perform the specified operations.

Accordingly, the term “module” is understood to encompass a tangibleentity, be that an entity that is physically constructed, specificallyconfigured (e.g., hardwired), or temporarily (e.g., transitorily)configured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a specified manner or toperform part or all of any operation described herein. Consideringexamples in which modules are temporarily configured, each of themodules need not be instantiated at any one moment in time. For example,where the modules comprise a general-purpose hardware processorconfigured using software, the general-purpose hardware processor may beconfigured as respective different modules at different times. Softwaremay accordingly configure a hardware processor, for example, toconstitute a particular module at one instance of time and to constitutea different module at a different instance of time.

Machine (e.g., computer system) 500 may include a hardware processor 502(e.g., a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit(GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof), a mainmemory 504 and a static memory 506, some or all of which may communicatewith each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 508. The machine 500 mayfurther include a display unit 510, an alphanumeric input device 512(e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device 514(e.g., a mouse). In an example, the display unit 510, input device 512and UI navigation device 514 may be a touch screen display. The machine500 may additionally include a storage device (e.g., drive unit) 516, asignal generation device 518 (e.g., a speaker), a network interfacedevice 520, and one or more sensors 521, such as a global positioningsystem (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or other sensor. Themachine 500 may include an output controller 528, such as a serial(e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless(e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connectionto communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., aprinter, card reader, etc.).

The storage device 516 may include a machine readable medium 522 onwhich is stored one or more sets of data structures or instructions 524(e.g., software) embodying or utilized by any one or more of thetechniques or functions described herein. The instructions 524 may alsoreside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 504,within static memory 506, or within the hardware processor 502 duringexecution thereof by the machine 500. In an example, one or anycombination of the hardware processor 502, the main memory 504, thestatic memory 506, or the storage device 516 may constitute machinereadable media.

While the machine readable medium 522 is illustrated as a single medium,the term “machine readable medium” may include a single medium ormultiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributed database, and/orassociated caches and servers) configured to store the one or moreinstructions 524.

The term “machine readable medium” may include any medium that iscapable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution bythe machine 500 and that cause the machine 500 to perform any one ormore of the techniques of the present disclosure, or that is capable ofstoring, encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated withsuch instructions. Non-limiting machine readable medium examples mayinclude solid-state memories, and optical and magnetic media. Specificexamples of machine readable media may include: non-volatile memory,such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically ProgrammableRead-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-OnlyMemory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such asinternal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; RandomAccess Memory (RAM); and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. In some examples,machine readable media may include non-transitory machine readablemedia. In some examples, machine readable media may include machinereadable media that is not a transitory propagating signal.

The instructions 524 may further be transmitted or received over acommunications network 526 using a transmission medium via the networkinterface device 520 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols(e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission controlprotocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transferprotocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks may include alocal area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet datanetwork (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellularnetworks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless datanetworks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family ofstandards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, a LongTerm Evolution (LTE) family of standards, a Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P)networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device 520may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, orphone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the communicationsnetwork 526. In an example, the network interface device 520 may includea plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one ofsingle-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. In someexamples, the network interface device 520 may wirelessly communicateusing Multiple User MIMO techniques. The term “transmission medium”shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable ofstoring, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machine500, and includes digital or analog communications signals or otherintangible medium to facilitate communication of such software.

Additional Notes and Examples

In Example 1, apparatus for a wireless station device, comprises: memoryand processing circuitry to configure the device to communicate withother station devices over a directional multi-gigabit (DMG) band in awireless network; wherein the processing circuitry is to: encode DMGbeacons to send other station devices (STAs) at periodic beaconintervals (BIs), wherein the DMG beacons do not include a service setidentification (SSID) for the wireless network but do include anindication that the SSID is hidden; and, respond to a probe request sentby a STA with a probe response if the probe request includes the SSID ofthe wireless network and not respond to the probe request if it does notinclude the SSID of the wireless network.

In Example 2, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the indication that the SSID is hidden iscontained in an information element (IE) of the DMG beacon.

In Example 3, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the indication that the SSID is hidden iscontained in a control field of the DMG beacon.

In Example 4, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the processing circuitry is to: configure thedevice to receive a DMG beacon in discovery mode transmitted by a STAthat is actively scanning; and, after responding to the DMG beaconduring the association beamforming training (A-BFT) interval of the BI,receive a probe request from the STA that is actively scanning.

In Example 5, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the processing circuitry is configure the deviceto, if the probe request sent by the actively scanning STA contains awildcard SSID, respond with a probe response that also contains thewildcard SSID to signal to the actively scanning STA that it shoulddiscontinue attempting to associate with the wireless network.

In Example 6, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the processing circuitry is to, if the proberequest sent by the actively scanning STA contains a wildcard SSID,respond with a probe response containing an indication that the SSID ishidden to signal to the actively scanning STA that it should discontinueattempting to associate with the wireless network.

In Example 7, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the processing circuitry is to, if the proberequest sent by the actively scanning STA contains the hidden SSID,respond with a probe response that signals to the actively scanning STAthat it should continue attempting to associate with the wirelessnetwork.

In Example 8, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the processing circuitry is to, if the proberequest sent by the actively scanning STA contains the hidden SSID,respond with a probe response that also contains the hidden SSID tosignal to the actively scanning STA that it should continue attemptingto associate with the wireless network.

In Example 9, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther comprise a radio transceiver interfaced to the processingcircuitry and configured to operate in a DMG band.

In Example 10, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include a directional antenna array connected to the radiotransceiver and operated by the processing circuitry to providedirectional transmission and reception.

In Example 11, an apparatus for a wireless station device, comprises:memory and processing circuitry to configure the device to: communicatewith other station devices over a directional multi-gigabit (DMG) bandin a wireless network; wherein the processing circuitry is to configurethe device to: receive a DMG beacon in discovery mode transmitted by aSTA that is actively scanning; and, after responding to the DMG beaconduring the association beamforming training (A-BFT) interval of the BI,receive a probe request from the STA that is actively scanning; and, ifthe probe request sent by the actively scanning STA contains a wildcardSSID, respond with a probe response containing an indication that theSSID of the wireless network is hidden to signal to the activelyscanning STA that it should discontinue attempting to associate with thewireless network.

In Example 12, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the indication contained in the probe responsethat the SSID is hidden is the wildcard SSID.

In Example 13, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the processing circuitry is to, if the proberequest sent by the actively scanning STA contains the hidden SSID,respond with a probe response that signals to the actively scanning STAthat it should continue attempting to associate with the wirelessnetwork.

In Example 14, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the processing circuitry is to, if the proberequest sent by the actively scanning STA contains the hidden SSID,respond with a probe response that also contains the hidden SSID tosignal to the actively scanning STA that it should continue attemptingto associate with the wireless network.

In Example 15, an apparatus for a wireless station device, comprises:memory and processing circuitry to configure the device to communicatewith other station devices over a directional multi-gigabit (DMG) bandin a wireless network; wherein the processing circuitry is to: send aDMG beacon in discovery mode to an access point (AP); and, afterreceiving a response to the DMG beacon during the associationbeamforming training (A-BFT) interval of the beacon interval (BI), senda probe request to the AP with a wildcard service set identification(SSID); and, if the probe request is responded to with a probe responsesent by the AP that contains an indication that the SSID of the wirelessnetwork is hidden, discontinue attempting to associate with the wirelessnetwork.

In Example 16, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the indication contained in the probe responsethat the SSID is hidden is the wildcard SSID.

In Example 17, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the processing circuitry is to: receive DMGbeacons sent by the AP at periodic beacon intervals (BIs), wherein theDMG beacons do not include a service set identification (SSID) for thewireless network but do include an indication that the SSID is hidden;and, send a probe request to the AP only if the hidden SSID is known anddiscontinue attempting to associate to the wireless network otherwise.

In Example 18, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the indication that the SSID is hidden iscontained in an information element (IE) of the DMG beacon.

In Example 19, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the indication that the SSID is hidden iscontained in a control field of the DMG beacon.

In Example 20, the subject matter of any of the Examples herein mayfurther include wherein the processing circuitry is to, if the hiddenSSID is known, send the probe request with the hidden SSID containedtherein.

In Example 21, a computer-readable medium contains instructions to causea wireless station device (STA), upon execution of the instructions byprocessing circuitry of the STA, to perform any of the functions of theprocessing circuitry as recited by any of the Examples herein.

In Example 22, a method for operating a wireless station comprisesperforming any of the functions of the processing circuitry and/or radiotransceiver as recited by any of the Examples herein

The above detailed description includes references to the accompanyingdrawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawingsshow, by way of illustration, specific embodiments that may bepracticed. These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples.”Such examples may include elements in addition to those shown ordescribed. However, also contemplated are examples that include theelements shown or described. Moreover, also contemplate are examplesusing any combination or permutation of those elements shown ordescribed (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to aparticular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect toother examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or describedherein.

Publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in this documentare incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, as thoughindividually incorporated by reference. In the event of inconsistentusages between this document and those documents so incorporated byreference, the usage in the incorporated reference(s) are supplementaryto that of this document; for irreconcilable inconsistencies, the usagein this document controls.

In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patentdocuments, to include one or more than one, independent of any otherinstances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In thisdocument, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that“A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unlessotherwise indicated. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and“in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respectiveterms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, theterms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended, that is, a system,device, article, or process that includes elements in addition to thoselisted after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within thescope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms“first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and arenot intended to suggest a numerical order for their objects.

The embodiments as described above may be implemented in varioushardware configurations that may include a processor for executinginstructions that perform the techniques described. Such instructionsmay be contained in a machine-readable medium such as a suitable storagemedium or a memory or other processor-executable medium.

The embodiments as described herein may be implemented in a number ofenvironments such as part of a wireless local area network (WLAN), 3rdGeneration Partnership Project (3GPP) Universal Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork (UTRAN), or Long-Term-Evolution (LTE) or a Long-Term-Evolution(LTE) communication system, although the scope of the invention is notlimited in this respect. An example LTE system includes a number ofmobile stations, defined by the LTE specification as User Equipment(UE), communicating with a base station, defined by the LTEspecifications as an eNodeB.

Antennas referred to herein may comprise one or more directional oromnidirectional antennas, including, for example, dipole antennas,monopole antennas, patch antennas, loop antennas, microstrip antennas orother types of antennas suitable for transmission of RF signals. In someembodiments, instead of two or more antennas, a single antenna withmultiple apertures may be used. In these embodiments, each aperture maybe considered a separate antenna. In some multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) embodiments, antennas may be effectively separated to takeadvantage of spatial diversity and the different channel characteristicsthat may result between each of antennas and the antennas of atransmitting station. In some MIMO embodiments, antennas may beseparated by up to 1/10 of a wavelength or more.

In some embodiments, a receiver as described herein may be configured toreceive signals in accordance with specific communication standards,such as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)standards including IEEE 802.11-2007 and/or 802.11(n) standards and/orproposed specifications for WLANs, although the scope of the inventionis not limited in this respect as they may also be suitable to transmitand/or receive communications in accordance with other techniques andstandards. In some embodiments, the receiver may be configured toreceive signals in accordance with the IEEE 802.16-2004, the IEEE802.16(e) and/or IEEE 802.16(m) standards for wireless metropolitan areanetworks (WMANs) including variations and evolutions thereof, althoughthe scope of the invention is not limited in this respect as they mayalso be suitable to transmit and/or receive communications in accordancewith other techniques and standards. In some embodiments, the receivermay be configured to receive signals in accordance with the UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) LTE communication standards.For more information with respect to the IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.16standards, please refer to “IEEE Standards for InformationTechnology—Telecommunications and Information Exchange betweenSystems”—Local Area Networks—Specific Requirements—Part 11 “Wireless LANMedium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY), ISO/IEC 8802-11:1999”, and Metropolitan Area Networks—Specific Requirements—Part 16:“Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access Systems,” May 2005and related amendments/versions. For more information with respect toUTRAN LTE standards, see the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)standards for UTRAN-LTE, release 8, March 2008, including variations andevolutions thereof.

The above description is intended to be illustrative, and notrestrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or moreaspects thereof) may be used in combination with others. Otherembodiments may be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the artupon reviewing the above description. The Abstract is to allow thereader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure, forexample, to comply with 37 C.F.R. §1.72(b) in the United States ofAmerica. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be usedto interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in theabove Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together tostreamline the disclosure. However, the claims may not set forth everyfeature disclosed herein as embodiments may feature a subset of saidfeatures. Further, embodiments may include fewer features than thosedisclosed in a particular example. Thus, the following claims are herebyincorporated into the Detailed Description, with a claim standing on itsown as a separate embodiment. The scope of the embodiments disclosedherein is to be determined with reference to the appended claims, alongwith the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

1. An apparatus for a wireless station device, comprising: memory andprocessing circuitry to configure the device to communicate with otherstation devices (STAs) over a directional multi-gigabit (DMG) band in awireless network; wherein the processing circuitry is to: encode DMGbeacons to send to the other STAs at periodic beacon intervals (BIs),wherein the DMG beacons do not include a service set identification(SSID) for the wireless network but do include an indication that theSSID is hidden; and, respond to a probe request sent by a STA with aprobe response if the probe request includes the SSID of the wirelessnetwork and not respond to the probe request if it does not include theSSID of the wireless network.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein theindication that the SSID is hidden is contained in an informationelement (IE) of the DMG beacon.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein theindication that the SSID is hidden is contained in a control field ofthe DMG beacon.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the processingcircuitry is to configure the device to: receive a DMG beacon indiscovery mode transmitted by a STA that is actively scanning; and,after responding to the DMG beacon during the association beamformingtraining (A-BFT) interval of the BI, receive a probe request from theSTA that is actively scanning.
 5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein theprocessing circuitry is to, if the probe request sent by the activelyscanning STA contains a wildcard SSID, respond with a probe responsethat also contains the wildcard SSID to signal to the actively scanningSTA that it should discontinue attempting to associate with the wirelessnetwork.
 6. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the processing circuitry isto, if the probe request sent by the actively scanning STA contains awildcard SSID, respond with a probe response containing an indicationthat the SSID is hidden to signal to the actively scanning STA that itshould discontinue attempting to associate with the wireless network. 7.The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the processing circuitry is to, if theprobe request sent by the actively scanning STA contains the hiddenSSID, respond with a probe response that signals to the activelyscanning STA that it should continue attempting to associate with thewireless network.
 8. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein the processingcircuitry is to, if the probe request sent by the actively scanning STAcontains the hidden SSID, respond with a probe response that alsocontains the hidden SSID to signal to the actively scanning STA that itshould continue attempting to associate with the wireless network. 9.The apparatus of claim 1 further comprising a radio transceiverinterfaced to the processing circuitry and configured to operate in aDMG band.
 10. The apparatus of claim 9 further comprising a directionalantenna array connected to the radio transceiver and operated by theprocessing circuitry to provide directional transmission and reception.11. An apparatus for a wireless station device, comprising: memory andprocessing circuitry to configure the device to communicate with otherstation devices over a directional multi-gigabit (DMG) band in awireless network; wherein the processing circuitry is to configure thedevice to: receive a DMG beacon in discovery mode transmitted by a STAthat is actively scanning; and, after responding to the DMG beaconduring the association beamforming training (A-BFT) interval of the BI,receive a probe request from the STA that is actively scanning; and, ifthe probe request sent by the actively scanning STA contains a wildcardSSID, respond with a probe response containing an indication that theSSID of the wireless network is hidden to signal to the activelyscanning STA that it should discontinue attempting to associate with thewireless network.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the indicationcontained in the probe response that the SSID is hidden is the wildcardSSID.
 13. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the processing circuitry isto, if the probe request sent by the actively scanning STA contains thehidden SSID, respond with a probe response that signals to the activelyscanning STA that it should continue attempting to associate with thewireless network.
 14. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein the processingcircuitry is to, if the probe request sent by the actively scanning STAcontains the hidden SSID, respond with a probe response that alsocontains the hidden SSID to signal to the actively scanning STA that itshould continue attempting to associate with the wireless network. 15.An apparatus for a wireless station device, comprising: memory andprocessing circuitry to configure the device to communicate with otherstation devices over a directional multi-gigabit (DMG) band in awireless network; wherein the processing circuitry is to configure thedevice to: send a DMG beacon in discovery mode to an access point (AP);and, after receiving a response to the DMG beacon during the associationbeamforming training (A-BFT) interval of the beacon interval (BI), senda probe request to the AP with a wildcard service set identification(SSID); and, if the probe request is responded to with a probe responsesent by the AP that contains an indication that the SSID of the wirelessnetwork is hidden, discontinue attempting to associate with the wirelessnetwork.
 16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the indication containedin the probe response that the SSID is hidden is the wildcard SSID. 17.The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the processing circuitry is to:receive DMG beacons sent by the AP at periodic beacon intervals (BIs),wherein the DMG beacons do not include a service set identification(SSID) for the wireless network but do include an indication that theSSID is hidden; and, send a probe request to the AP only if the hiddenSSID is known and discontinue attempting to associate to the wirelessnetwork otherwise.
 18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the indicationthat the SSID is hidden is contained in an information element (IE) ofthe DMG beacon.
 19. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the indicationthat the SSID is hidden is contained in a control field of the DMGbeacon.
 20. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein the processing circuitryis to, if the hidden SSID is known, send the probe request with thehidden SSID contained therein.
 21. A computer-readable medium comprisinginstructions to cause a wireless station device (STA), upon execution ofthe instructions by processing circuitry of the STA, to: operate as anaccess point (AP) and send DMG beacons to other STAs at periodic beaconintervals (BIs), wherein the DMG beacons do not include a service setidentification (SSID) for the wireless network but do include anindication that the SSID is hidden; and, respond to a probe request sentby a STA with a probe response only if the probe request includes theSSID of the wireless network.
 22. The medium of claim 21 wherein theindication that the SSID is hidden is contained in an informationelement (IE) of the DMG beacon.
 23. The medium of claim 21 wherein theindication that the SSID is hidden is contained in a control field ofthe DMG beacon.
 24. The medium of claim 21 further comprisinginstructions to: receive a DMG beacon in discovery mode transmitted by aSTA that is actively scanning; and, after responding to the DMG beaconduring the association beamforming training (A-BFT) interval of the BI,receive a probe request from the STA that is actively scanning.
 25. Themedium of claim 24 further comprising instructions to, if the proberequest sent by the actively scanning STA contains a wildcard SSID,respond with a probe response that also contains the wildcard SSID tosignal to the actively scanning STA that it should discontinueattempting to associate with the wireless network.